Enhanced Distance-Based Resource Allocation (EDBRA) Scheme for Optimized Spectrum Efficiency in Device-to-Device (D2D) Enabled 6G Networks
Authors:
Abdullah A. al-Quhali, Mardeni Roslee, Mohamad Y. Alias
Journal: Multidisciplinary International Research Journal
DOI: 10.67373/mirj.2026.001.1.005
License: CC-BY-4.0
Abstract
Device-to-device (D2D) communication is a key enabler for offloading traffic from cellular
networks and supporting proximity-based services in beyond-5G and emerging 6G systems.
This paper proposes the Enhanced Distance-Based Resource Allocation (EDBRA) scheme,
a low-complexity priority-metric allocator that combines real-time signal-to-interferenceplus-
noise ratio (SINR) with a normalized inverse-distance term. A two-stage admission
filter (top-70% SINR pre-selection followed by SINR > 3 dB and pair separation > 50 m)
and an adaptive spectrum-reuse rule are integrated to balance link reliability with overall
connectivity. The scheme is evaluated by Monte Carlo simulation (1,000 independent drops,
95% confidence intervals) in a 3GPP urban-macrocell scenario with log-normal shadow
fading and Rayleigh small-scale fading. EDBRA is benchmarked against four schemes
evaluated under identical channel, mobility, and outage definitions: LTE-Advanced D2D
underlay, the 3GPP Proximity Services (ProSe) baseline, a representative cooperative
NOMA-D2D scheme, and a federated deep reinforcement learning (FL-DRL) allocator.
Outage probability is defined uniformly over the total user population in the cell. Under
this fair definition, EDBRA reduces outage probability by 33–67% relative to the legacy
baselines and by approximately 12–25% relative to NOMA-D2D at moderate user densities
(50–200 D2D pairs), while improving the aggregate per-cell sum rate by up to 78% over
the 3GPP ProSe baseline and 18% over NOMA-D2D at the peak-rate density of 100
pairs. The gap to FL-DRL is approximately 8% on sum rate and 6 percentage points
on outage at extreme density, achieved at substantially lower complexity (O(𝑁 log 𝑁) per
allocation cycle, with no training phase). A sensitivity analysis on the admission thresholds,
the priority weight 𝛼, and the power-back-off rule is provided. The single-cell evaluation
does not capture inter-cell interference, and the headline gains should be expected to
attenuate in multi-cell deployments without inter-cell coordination. The results show that
EDBRA is a defensible low-complexity allocator for beyond-5G/early-6G underlay D2D,
with forward-looking extensions toward full 6G features (RIS, FR3/mmWave, AI/ML control)
discussed in the conclusion
Keywords: D2D communication, EDBRA, resource allocation, SINR, 6G networks, outage probability, next-generation networks